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Here are some of the basic facts on the most common defoliators found in the Pacific Northwest. The color code shows their status as a native, long established or newly introduced species. The maps show where surveys have recorded their presence. Click image for an enlargement. |
| Ancylis apicana |
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| A leaf-folder with an intriguing leaf-stitching behavior, where larvae connect silk to two sides of a leaf (or two different leaves) and pull them together into the folded position. Although its range is identified as across the northern United States and adjacent Canada, it was only identified from Washington in 2009. |
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| Apple-and-thorn skeletonizer, Choreutis pariana |
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| A widespread native (or very long established exotic) defoliator moth that feeds on apple, cherry, birch, hawthorne, willow, and mountain ash. Multiple generations per year create distinctive skeletonized leaves by eating only the surface of leaves and webbing leaves into a cup shape. >> More OSU info |
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| Apple ermine moth, Yponomeuta malinellus |
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| An exotic defoliator with larvae that feed as a group inside small web shelters (tents) on apple trees. First found in the U.S. in Whatcom County in 1985, it has rapidly spread throughout Washington State and into Oregon (see map). Larvae skeletonize and consume leaves in fist-sized tents, creating a series of tents along branches as leaves are consumed. Severe defoliation (seen in 1980's) has been controlled by an imported parasitoid. >> More WSU info |
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| Apple leafcurling midge, Dasineura mali |
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An exotic fly with several generations per season of tiny larvae that cause apple leaves to curl inward as they develop, stunting growth. Also found in New England, the exotic species was first found in Washington in 1991, in Whatcom County.
>> More WSU info |
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| Apple skeletonizer, Swammerdamia pyrella |
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| An exotic defoliator moth with distinctive larvae that skeletonize apple and hawthorn leaves. First found in Whatcom county in 1994, it also occurs in other Western Washington counties, but is relatively rare. |
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| Apple Tortrix, Archips fuscocupreanus |
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| An exotic leaf-rolling defoliator, first found in North America in Western Washington in 1995, also recently found in New England. One of the most abundant defoliators in the Puget Sound area, larvae from one generation per year feed on a wide variety of deciduous trees and shrubs in spring. >> More info |
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| Apricot moth, Ditula angustiorana |
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| An exotic leafroller, long established in several areas of North America, rolls and feeds on fruit tree leaves and also some conifer needles. One generation per year of larvae are not common on fruit trees, but are found throughout Western Washington. >> More info |
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| Barred fruit tree tortrix, Pandemis cerasana |
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A recently introduced exotic defoliator which occurs in N. America only in the Puget Sound and British Columbia region. Has a wide host range from ornamentals to fruit trees. Has one to two generations per year and overwinters as larvae.
>> More info |
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| Carnation tortrix, Cacoecimorpha pronubana |
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| An exotic defoliator which has been in the region for several decades. Occurs in N. America from Oregon north to British Columbia. Has a wide host range among ornamentals. One generation per year. |
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| Cherry ermine moth, Yponomeuta padellus |
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| A recently introduced and uncommon exotic defoliator with larvae that feed as a group inside small web shelters (tents) on prunus and hawthorne. Found in N. American only from the Willamette Valley north to western British Columbia. |
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| Dark fruit tree tortrix, Pandemis heparana |
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| A long established exotic defoliator. One of the more common leafrollers of fruit trees and some ornamentals Found in N. America only in the Puget Sound region. Two generations per year and overwinters as larvae. |
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| Epinotia albangulana |
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| A native and common defoliator that feeds on the catkins of alder. Found from California to British Columbia and Idaho. One generation per year. >> More Info |
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| European fruit tree tortrix moth, Archips podana |
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| Exotic defoliator introduced in the mid/late 1900s. While a serious economic pest of fruit trees and ornamentals in Europe, its distribution in N. America has been restricted to Whatcom Co. and British Columbia. Unlike all other Archips has a partial second generation each year. >> More info
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| European leafroller, Archips rosanus |
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| A long established and widespread exotic defoliator in the Puget Sound region. The most abundant and common leafroller on fruit trees, ornamentals and native species. One generation per year, overwinters as eggs. |
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| Eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana |
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| A long established exotic defoliator that in now widespread in N. America. Feeds on many fruit and ornamentals. One generation per year and overwinters as larvae. |
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| Fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea |
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| Native web-making species with a cyclical population. During outbreak years commonly seen with predominant tents in wide variety of fruit and deciduous trees and ornamentals. One generation per year. |
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| Garden rose tortrix, Acleris variegana |
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| A long established introduced exotic. A less common leafroller that feeds on many fruit trees and ornamentals. One generation per year, overwinters in egg stage. |
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| Golden leafroller, Acleris holmiana |
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| Recently introduced exotic. Abundant on many fruit trees and ornamentals in the Puget Sound region. The small golden larva fold leaf edges but never damage fruit. |
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| Green alder sawfly, Monsoma pulverata |
 Download Map |
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| European exotic established in eastern Canada since the early 1990s, detected in Alaska in 2009 and Washington in 2010. Now found in ten western WA counties, from Clark to Whatcom. Larvae feed voraciously on alders in spring and early summer, and have caused severe defoliation of Alnus tenuifolia in Alaksa. |
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| Green budworm, Hedya nubiferana |
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| An introduced exotic in the NW and the East Coast where it is a less common leafroller on fruit trees and ornamentals. One generation per year, overwinters as larvae. |
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| Lesser budmoth, Recurvaria nanella |
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| A long established exotic defoliator that in now widespread in N. America. Feed in webbed-up leaves at branch tips of many fruit and ornamentals. One generation per year and overwinters as larvae. |
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| Lilac leaf miner, Caloptilia syringella |
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| Long established exotic widespread in N. America. Larvae create blotched mines only on lilacs. |
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| Mountain ash sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata |
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| An introduced exotic that occurs in northeastern North America, discovered in Snohomish County in 2009. Larvae consume new growth on mountain ash, causing extensive defoliation. >> More Info |
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| Oak skeletonizer, Carcina quercana |
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| A recently introduced exotic that occurs only in N. America in British Columbia and western Washington. Have been observed seriously defoliating ornamental prunus in Whatcom and King Co. One generation per year. |
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| Oblique-banded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana |
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| Native defoliator. The most common leafroller on fruit trees and ornamentals in eastern and western Washington. Two generations per year and overwinters as larvae. |
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| Orange tortrix, Argyrotaenia franciscana |
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| Native species common at times on a large list of fruit trees, berries and ornamentals. Two generations per year and overwinters as larvae. |
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| Oreana unicolorella |
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| Oreana unicolorella is found across the northern United States and southeastern Canada. This leaf roller has a wide host range, including apple, birch, elm, willow, and maple. |
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| Silver-spotted tiger moth, Lophocampa argentata |
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| The most common native web-making species in conifers in the NW region. Larva overwinter in small tents, which grow to visibility in spring. |
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| Tent caterpillar, Malacosoma californicum pluviale |
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| One of several native tent-making species in the NW. Various species feed on fruit trees, ornamentals and native trees. Most feed as a group in tents. One generation per year, overwinter in egg stage. |
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| Winter moth, Opherophtera brumata |
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| European exotic established in the NW since the 1970s. Occurs from the Willamette Valley to western British Columbia and on the East Coast. Larvae are the earliest feeders in spring of wide range of fruit tree, ornamentals and berry bushes. Gets its name from the adult flight early in Oct/Dec. One generation per year. |
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